Leo Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Ilyich Essays -- Leo Tolstoy Death Iva

Leo Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich I related promptly with Ivan Ilyich, the primary character in Leo Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Sometime in the past I myself carried on with my existence regardless of the otherworldliness of life. I, be that as it may, was fortunate in that it didn't take demise approaching over my head to understand this. Possibly the way that my episode of depression’s beginning happened sooner in life permitted me to see it sooner. Eric Simpson put it best as â€Å"We all pass on, as Ilyich, and on the off chance that we just live to live, to make and cut our own significance into the universe, at that point life itself turns out to be eventually trivial and horrendously insignificant.† The key point here is the â€Å"painfully insignificant†(Simpson). Gloom snuck up on me like mature age will, multiple times speedier. Ilyich figures out how to cover his downturn by compartmentalizing his sentiments from his considerations and by turning into a compulsive worker. Doing this, he had a methods for either excusing his downturn or suffocating it in work. Ivan Ilyich didn't see his downturn and absence of otherworldliness until three days preceding his demise. It isn't until Ilyich asks himself, â€Å"What if my entire life has truly been wrong?†(Tolstoy 1203), and thinks of an affirmitave answer that Ilyich attempts to figure out how to amend his circumstance. His answer is agonizingly straightforward, save his family the sorrow of his withering and to simply get it over with. My answer was very extraordinary. I concocted two straightforward guidelines. The main principle of feeling better is to support outsiders at whatever point conceivable. For instance, last Wednesday, my vehicle stalled on Route 7. I didn't have a mobile phone and there wasn’t a payphone in sight. Since I had a paper due, I began bumming a ride to class. After around five minut... ...d Western tenets. He likewise brings up Ilyich’s complete absence of otherworldliness and the sentiment of a squandered life. Simpson calls attention to these distinctions and incorporates Biblical statements to back it up with incredible knowledge, getting to a degree of profundity that could confound a few perusers however has demonstrated this peruser something I could never have thought of all alone. Novel Analysis: Death of Ivan Illich. 12 April 2001 This creator clarifies how Ilyich’s life is a ‘front’ for the purpose of appropriateness. Likewise, the creator brings up that Ilyich doesn't know about this until only days before he kicks the bucket. A short understanding, however one that totally backs me up. Note: All statements from Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich are from the accompanying version: Writing: Reading and Writing the Human Experience. Seventh ed. Ed. Richard Abcarian and Marvin Klotz. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.

The Renaissance And The Reformation

The Renaissance And The Reformation Upon introductory examination, the Renaissance and the Reformation have all the earmarks of being two altogether separate times of progress that happened in Western Europe with similarly divergent causes and purposes. The Renaissance, truly a period of resurrection, denoted the unequivocal break from the Middle Ages and the rediscovery for the valuation for expressions of the human experience, writing, and the further advancement of legislative issues and economy. Then again, the Reformation concentrated fundamentally on the split of goals managing the congregation and the strategies with which reformers, for example, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other people who lectured against simony, the selling of guilty pleasures, and basically managing the degenerate methods of the Church. While the two may not hold up under numerous ostensibly evident similitudes, the Reformation, indeed, relied intensely on the human improvements during the Renaissance. The absolute most significant record connecting the Renaissance and the Reformation is the 95 Theses, composed by Martin Luther who posted it on the entryway of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. This bit of composing which generally addresses the ill-advised maltreatment of administrative forces and the indecent direct of selling extravagances, which was at first activated by mercantilism and the rising significance of cash in a developing prudent society, was just ready to be flowed all through Germany with the assistance of the print machine. In spite of the fact that the print machine, created by Johannes Gutenberg, was not an immediate result of the Renaissance, it was the upsetting bit of innovation which permitted the flow of various printed duplicates of the Bible all through Western Europe, filled in as a vital apparatus in building up an all around educated, proficient populace during the Renaissance in Europe, and, obviously, printed more than 300,000 duplicates of Luthers 95 Theses, the impetus of the Protestant Reformation. With the guide of the print machine, the individuals of Western Europe turned out to be additionally taught by having a more noteworthy chance to come into contact with a Bible. Preceding perusing the Bible for themselves, individuals were just capable depend on the expressions of the papacy, the pastorate, and different individuals from the congregation, who were, unbeknownst to the regular man, in reality degenerate. Through acquiring individual information from perusing the Bible (even the individuals who couldn't peruse Latin presently approach the Bible converted into vernacular, English, or German), individuals currently felt they had the control to define their own choices and got a handle on the possibility that they won't be constrained by a degenerate church. With this perspective, secularization, the division from strict impacts, and independence, the acknowledgment of oneself as having virtue, prospered all through the Renaissance in Europe. While perusing the Bible altogether guided the individuals of Western Europe in Luthers general heading of thought even before the start of the Protestant Reformation, another gathering of individuals known as the Humanists, who gave their chance to really comprehend the Classics crafted by Socrates, Plato, and other antiquated Greek logicians started annihilating the possibility of scholasticism, which was, basically, thinking everything as they are told. Individuals started to peruse, understand, and settle on choices for themselves without depending carefully on the congregation. Books, for example, Castigliones The Book of the Courtier, which instructed men to be the ideal men of their word, and ladies to be the ideal noble women, and Erasmus In Praise of Folly, which caricaturizes and ridicules the Church of its mistaken ways (Palmer, 72), were distributed and perused. The conclusive outcome was a more noteworthy development of secularization and independence which prompted a ce aseless division of the individuals from the congregation. Notwithstanding an inexorably self-deciding populace, one occasion which turns into the impetus to touch off a feeling of doubt among the average folks of Europe towards the congregation was The Great Schism. The emergency of allotting numerous papacies was not just a sign of the controlling of the force given to the popes so as to fulfill the Churches extravagance, yet in addition caused the passionate to address which of the papacies genuinely holds the keys of Peter, or essentially if any congregation whatsoever would lead them to salvation (Palmer, 53). This disappointment with the congregation spread through all positions of society, from the lords to the ordinary citizens. From these vulnerability grew the lessons of John Wyclif and John Huss, who both bolstered the philosophy of salvation by perusing the Bible, and not from the lessons of a sorted out chapel (Palmer, 54). This prompted the possible impugning of the Pope, or for this situation, Popes, as a strict pioneer. With researchers and individuals all in all allowed the capacity to at long last peruse and investigate the Bible for themselves, significant scholars, for example, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, just to give some examples, rose, endeavoring to address the mistaken methods of the degenerate church. Luther, who lectured not for making another religion yet to just address the offenses of the congregation, made an interpretation of the Bible into numerous available dialects and accumulated numerous adherents who concurred wholeheartedly with his definitive rule of salvation by confidence alone, and that solitary the Bible contains the genuine expressions of God. One last part of the Renaissance that influenced the strategy of individuals all through the Reformation was the turn of events and implementation of governmental issues. While the thoughts of Luther, Calvin, and different scholars made new places of worship ascend in towns, they couldn't supplant the beforehand existing church preceding some administration mediation. The new church didn't have prompt capacity to disintegrate the old church and was committed to look out for governments choice before executing and making a move. Albeit badly arranged for those excitedly anticipating the further spread of the Protestant Church, the more powerful given to the legislature and the development of governmental issues created through the Renaissance gave a more prominent wellspring of request for the individuals during the Reformation. The Renaissance and the Reformation, albeit generally not at all like, significantly supplemented each other in different viewpoints. From the most significant headway of instructing the masses so as to impart in them the comprehension of independence and partition from scholasticism, to the underlying disappointment towards the congregation brought about by disarrays of The Great Schism, to crafted by Castiglione and Erasmus, the Renaissance molded the psyches of those already ignorant of the shamelessness of the Church into the brains of those readied for a change through the Reformation.

Market Entry Strategies Essay Example

Market Entry Strategies Essay Example Market Entry Strategies Essay Market Entry Strategies Essay At the point when an association has settled on a choice to enter an abroad market, there are an assortment of choices open to it. These alternatives differ with cost, hazard and the level of control which can be practiced over them. The least difficult type of passage methodology is sending out utilizing either an immediate or aberrant technique, for example, an operator, on account of the previous, or countertrade, on account of the last mentioned. Progressively perplexing structures incorporate really worldwide activities which may include joint endeavors, or fare preparing zones. Having settled on the type of fare technique, choices must be made on the particular channels. Numerous rural results of a crude or ware nature use specialists, merchants or include Government, though prepared materials, while not barring these, depend all the more intensely on progressively advanced types of access. These will be developed later. Structure Of The Chapter The section starts by taking a gander at the idea of market passage systems inside the control of a picked promoting blend. It at that point proceeds to depict the various types of section system, both immediate and backhanded trading and outside creation, and the preferences and detriments associated with every technique. The part gives explicit subtleties on countertrade, which is exceptionally predominant in worldwide showcasing, and afterward finishes up by taking a gander at the extraordinary highlights of ware exchanging with its nearby coupling among creation and promoting. A sound market-passage procedure gives an administrator more noteworthy command over its market presentation and dispatch desires, in this manner guaranteeing money related targets are met * A very much established market-section technique limits the vulnerabilities looked by new participants * Analysys Mason has built up an efficient way to deal with advertise section systems, permitting us to make all around upheld and target designs that extricate most extreme incentive from inside resources and speculation, and at last expanded seriousness and made sure about income * We have utilized this way to deal with: decline the monetary vulnerability that gets from absence of complete market investigation and an organized key arrangement * empower usiness plan joint effort and budgetary arranging * beginning business case suspicions should be returned to all the more likely compare with economic situations and picked showcase position * make dispatch effectiveness by conveying a system fo r ensuing arranging of strategic dispatch exercises, organizing and organizing undertakings for dispatch group * empower chance administration and market observation control through possibility arranging * Launch associations face huge weights on advertise section, made by inward and outer desires: * a portion of these weights can be facilitated by building up a reasonable and organized market-section methodology and powerful useful plans Pressures looked by new contestants Internal limitations and desires Time requirements: quick sending is critical to maintain a strategic distance from ascend in piece of the pie cost and to convey anticipated budgetary outcomes Resource restrictions: * center dispatch groups are frequently quickly gathered, and expert extension is done step by step, making a huge asset hole during the execution stage Financial weight: * as money related targets and desires have been set before dispatch, any unpredicted market movement and dispatch defers will upset beginning client take-up and income age External imperatives and desires Market information: * in numerous occasions associations need profundity comprehension of market drivers or have constrained access to showcase information Competition: contenders will design pre-emptive, problematic activity to improve their own positions and secure their client base preceding new section Analysys Mason’s organized way to deal with building up a passage methodology starts with a thorough examination of the mar ket, in light of market information or custom-made research * Our way to deal with building up a market-passage procedure follows a demonstrated and organized procedure, in light of broad industry experience and top to bottom comprehension of all perspectives that feed into a business dispatch * A far reaching investigation, utilizing market information and customized statistical surveying, permits us to evaluate all regions influencing the operator’s vital heading: * advertise elements: point by point shopper and business advertise division and investigation of market drivers will be attempted to recognize the most important objective portions and fundamental explanations behind market development. Explicit objective zones are assessed to give key sources of info: retail structures, budgetary exchanges frameworks and Internet utilization give contribution to deals and dissemination arranging * serious scene: broad serious profiling in zones, for example, situating, brand, target portions, incentive, showcase offer, evaluating, client care, deals amp; dispersion, inclusion, organize amp; emotionally supportive networks empower appraisal of competitors’ qualities and shortcomings * full scale monetary standpoint: examination of applicable macroeconomic information decide market and section development * enactment and administrative system: depiction of constraints or conceivable outcomes inside the current administrative condition that influence market and fragment development * inward resources/innovation: investigation of every single interior resource including innovation, brand, organizations will be done to explain which manageable upper hands the organization holds * An inner SWOT feature zones of legitimate focal points and drawbacks, giving contribution to advertise passage situating and incentive * Identification of vital hazard territories at a beginning period empowers arrangement of relieving activities before advertise passage * Conclusions from the market investigation along with inner SWOT and distinguished key hazard regions structure the reason for portraying the market opportunity Analysys Mason’s by and large market section procedure proclamation and market position unmistakably exhibits which fundamental headings are important to arrive at advertise destinations * A portrayal of the company’s vision and statements of purpose just as budgetary goals structure the beginning stage for the market passage methodology as they set the system wherein another participant will work * Short-term goals, deals targets, piece of the overall industry and brand mindfulness, will be set against the market opportunity and provided as contribution to the business arranging group * Analysys Mason will build up a general market passage technique articulation, plainly showing which primary bearings are important to arrive at expressed targets * The situating explanation obviously escribes the company’s system corresponding to rivalry and the offer catches the company’s separating points of interest and their advantages to potential clients * The brand technique clarifies which esteems are imperative to impart so as to improve the company’s relationship with its clients * Targeted client fragments that need be tended to so as to convey wanted goals will be indicated and organized * Strategic bearings in every single utilitarian region; items amp; administrations, evaluating, brand amp; correspondence, deals amp; circulation and client care further detail the general passage procedure. At long last, the dispatch staging segment investigates the different feasible market section choices, their pro’s, con’s and pre-conditions Detailed strategic dispatch plans empower productive and controlled usage, prompting fast market presentation * Strategic headings are additionally definite into a strategic dispatch plan, covering every single utilitarian zone. This furnishes the dispatch group and merchants with vital details for execution and guarantees that all dispatch exercises bolster the general market passage method ology * An item amp; administration guide will be created by coordinating specialized capacities and advantages with client needs. The guide incorporates nitty gritty arrangement of individual administrations or item bundles at and post-dispatch * Pricing dispatch bundles and separate administrations incorporates improvement of complex value demonstrating and sending of conjoint research to aid the decision of, from client point of view, the most significant evaluating alternative * Brand and correspondence plan for showcase section incorporates advancement of brand wheel (properties, advantages, qualities) and full dispatch battle arranging * The advancement of a deals and conveyance channel plan includes making of a customized deals and commission model, specifying of the company’s deals and dissemination channel structure and investigation and suggestion on commission structure and levels * The client care plan incorporates elevated level client care procedures and client focus dimensioning * Clear possibility arranging empowers the organization to pre-empt the event of circumstances that influence the arranged exercises and get ready intends to cure those, subsequent in abbreviated response time. Both inside and outside components will be investigated * Internal †e. g. specialized and hierarchical issues * External †e. g. serious market exercises and administrative activities Structured and far reaching arranging and collaboration with business arranging and specialized groups empowers composed exertion, bringing market passage achievement * The business advertise section technique must work as one with business arranging and specialized group to guarantee an organized market passage approach Business arranging unit requires showcase input when creating field-tested strategy and financial plans * Situating, value technique, showcasing speculation and inclusion (corresponding to rivalry) influence potential market size and offer * Segment take-up suppositions fill in as contribution to piece of the overall industry computations * Development and arrangement of system and emotionally supportive networks need think about business prerequisites and the other way around * Technical prospects and confinements are contemplated when building up the market section methodology * Market offer and

Work Measurement

The reason for work estimation is to decide the time it should take to carry out a responsibility. The issue is in the meaning of â€Å"ought to. † Work estimation expert characterize this as the time it should take an accomplished and all around prepared administrator to play out the activity in a particular and very much characterized technique at a speed that can be kept up throughout the day, for quite a while, without undue weariness. This time, called standard time, can be partitioned into a few sections: the real components used to play out the activity; the rating factor used to decide the â€Å"normal† pace of these components (the technique used to decide the â€Å"ought to† time); and a recompense for individual time, unavoidable deferrals, and easing back because of exhaustion. There are four fundamental frameworks of work estimation. To start with, and generally utilized, is time study, explicitly, stop-watch time study. Film and camcorders, PCs, and different creation timing gadgets can likewise be utilized in the spot of, and related to, the stop watch. The subsequent framework, work testing, is a factual strategy for estimating work and requires a comprehension of the procedures of measurements and likelihood. The third framework, foreordained time frameworks (PDT), utilizes sets of tables of fundamental movements that have just been â€Å"normalized† by specialists. In this manner, PDT frameworks don't require the investigator to â€Å"rate† or â€Å"level† the estimation. At long last, there is the standard information arrangement of work estimation which, carefully, isn't an estimation procedure by any stretch of the imagination. Here comparable components made up of comparative gatherings of movements from the other estimation frameworks are postponed and afterward reused varying for ensuing items and guidelines. Employments OF WORK MEASUREMENT Work estimation is utilized to decide gauges against which correlations can be made for an assortment of purposes. 1. Compensation impetuses. On the off chance that laborers are to be paid as per the measure of work achieved instead of the measure of time exhausted (hourly), a few methods for deciding a satisfactory, or reasonable, measure of work is required. The installment for work achieved could be founded on deals cost and benefits, however a more pleasant strategy is to build up a norm and pay in agreement to that norm. 2. Calendars. So as to plan work successfully and keep things running easily and precise, an information on expected working occasions is a flat out need. Spending plans. Financial plans give required power over assets. One of their progressively significant data sources is working expenses. Gauges give the normal working occasions from which these expenses are registered. 4. Work cost control. Work cost is typically an exceptionally noteworthy level of the complete assembling cost (regularly from 10 to 40 percent). To control these costs, the real costs must be contrasted with a norm and any deviation remedied, particularly if the real is more prominent than the norm. . Vacation considers. Appropriately created gauges incorporate sensible remittances (additional time) for individual time, unavoidable postponements, and weariness. Both time study and work inspecting can be utilized to decide these recompenses. They can likewise be utilized on a proceeding with premise (every day or week after week) to gauge genuine vacation and individual time when conclusive creation records are not kept and principles are not utilized.

What to do when youre not very good at sports anymore

What to do when youre not very good at sports anymore I competed in track and field in high school as a thrower. While I made great friends on the team, learned valuable lessons about competition, and developed as a leader, I wasn’t tremendously successful at it. No D1 offers came my way (I never really considered it a realistic possibility anyways), and I didn’t want to try out for club track because, to be honest, I was done with it. I thought I was done with organized athletics, actually. You’ll hear on college visits and from friends about how much fun intramurals can be, but I didn’t buy into it. I thought I could get my fitness in other ways, and didn’t see much of a point to competing again. That is, until fall semester sophomore year when I was roped into competing in 7-on-7 flag football with a few friends. We played games every Thursday at 8:00 p.m., and it ended up being a ton of fun. It gave me the opportunity to hang out with my friends, get exercise, and develop a skill (my hands have gotten a lot better since sophomore year), and compete. By having a great time in intramurals, I realized that where or how you compete doesn’t matter as long as you are having fun. Me with the Illinois Sports Business Conference flag football team last year At Illinois, we have a robust intramurals system. I’m currently competing in the 4-on-4 flag football league (we have two games tonight), but there are also leagues in events like water polo, sand volleyball, soccer, and broomball. You can check out all of the events we have in every season  here  (there are 2 seasons per semester). The leagues only last about 4-6 weeks depending on the playoffs, so it’s relatively risk free and low investment. I encourage you to give it a try. Talk soon. Steven Class of 2019 I’m from New Canaan, Connecticut. I'm studying Management Entrepreneurship in the Gies College of Business and Political Science in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

How the Post Treatment of Muslims is a Witch Hunt - Free Essay Example

Studies show every one in twenty-five defendants who are sentenced to death in the United States are later found innocent (Gross). Many people are wrongfully accused. Throughout history, groups of people are targeted with inaccurate information and are accused of crimes they did not commit. This is called a witch hunt. After 9/11, Muslims lives are a constant witch hunt in the United States. Muslims experience hate crimes, public humiliation, and constant investigation after the 9/11 attacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muslims have, and still, experience hate crimes from other religions and ethnicities. On September 19, 2008, two non-Muslim Americans were arrested for repeatedly vandalizing and damaging cars parked outside of a Muslims house. They broke windows, windshields, and the metal bodies of the cars (US Newswire). Also, in January 2017, another hate crime was committed. A man was arrested for robbing a mosque, the house of worship for Muslims, and setting it on fire. One of the members of the mosque, Abe Ajrami said, I hope people understand that this is not something we watch on TV or read in the newspaper. This is something we live daily (Suhay). Statistics show, in 2000, before 9/11, there were twelve reported assaults against Muslims in America. In the year 2016, post 9/11, there were 127 (Kishi). Muslims do not deserve all the hate they receive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not only do Muslims experience hate crimes, but they also deal with public humiliation. In a Chicago grocery store in 2009, a white woman pulled down a Muslim womans hijab (headscarf) and muttered something about the shootings in Texas, assuming her religion had something to do with them. Another incident is a Muslim was harassed by a security guard in a bank in Illinois. Muslims also have special screenings in airports and are checked more closely. Also, during the 2008 presidential elections, Americans were uneasy when they heard Barack Obama could have been Muslim, showing how prejudice Americans are towards them (Williams). Public humiliation shouldnt be a struggle for Muslims in their own country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way Muslims lives are a witch hunt, is their lives are constantly investigated. The NYPD spied on Muslims in New York, and throughout surrounding schools, colleges, and communities after 9/11. Also, in New Jersey, the NYPD visited mosques, schools, and Muslim owned restaurants and shops, collecting information. The NYPD took pictures and videos of the Muslims everyday lives, making sure they were not doing anything suspicious (CNN Wire). Throughout the United States, Muslims fear their sermons and discussions at mosques are monitored and surveillance (Williams). Overall, Muslims have to live in fear from the constant investigation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, post 9/11 treatment of Muslims is a witch hunt because of hate crimes, public humiliation, and constant investigation throughout their lives. The Muslims are presumed guilty for things they did not do and could not control. There have been many witch hunts throughout the world over many decades including the Holocaust, the Salem witch hunt, and McCarthyism. Could there be more in the future?

Betrayal is the Truth in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet...

Betrayal is the truth that clings. It is a truth that is so painful that it clutches on to the mind, soul, and heart. Deep disappointment and agonizing anguish comes with betrayal. It is the betrayal that discredits false ideals and harbors empty hopes. In All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, youths like Paul Baumer must deal with the disillusion they feel towards what they were taught to believe in. Once Paul and his fellow classmates are shipped off to war, he and the others learn that they have been betrayed on all fronts. Teachers who cultivate the minds of the young and fuel their insatiable ideals become the primary objects of resentment for young soldiers in All Quiet on the Western Front. It is a resentment†¦show more content†¦Teachers, in their ignorance, spoke easily about the war believing they understood it better than the soldiers. Claims of understanding the war as a whole were part of the older generations rationale. Paul and his comrades feel betrayed by their own people as well as they have been deceived by their friends, their families, and their loved ones. Paul realized that the betrayal of the civilians is because of their ignorance. The same ignorance lead the parents to force their sons into the army and therefore onto the path of death. Those soldiers like Joseph Behm who â€Å"enlists to avoid ostracization by his peers† (Warner). These civilians, these poor ignorant fools, who lived blissfully in their ignorance, believed they understood but they couldnt. They could not understand the war the same way the experienced soldiers did. Paul comes to acknowledge this when he visits his home and he says that â€Å"They understand of course, they agree, they may even feel it so too, but only with words, only with words, yes, that is it† (Remarque110). To make the matter even worse, the older generation didn’t want to hear but lies from soldiers; they only wanted to hear ab out patriotism and glory. â€Å"He [Paul] realizes that the people at home would prefer lies rather than to accept the soldier’s account† (Henningfeld). Also in their ignorance, they did not realize that they

Abstract. This Paper Will Share Some Steps Towards A Proposal

Abstract This paper will share some steps towards a proposal for a diabetes prevention program (DPP) Model. For many years, the medical community has struggled with questions about the implementation of a diabetes prevention program to offset the growing need to curb the increasing diabetes epidemic of children and adolescent in the Queens community. With ample evidence, the Kick-Start program will be helpful in preventing or delaying the onset of full-blown diabetes and helping those at risk; it will save money. Kick-Start aims to decrease the number of diabetes in children and adolescents. It is essential to remember that obesity and type 2 diabetes have become critical health issues for the community, therefore, the goals and objectives†¦show more content†¦Stepping Forward curriculum have been clinically tested by the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center in affiliation with Columbia University Diabetes Research Department. By approving the proposal for Kick-Start, the answer is unquestionable that the program will work and it will save money and lives. Kick-Start intend to make a difference in diabetes by using Stepping Forward to build and strengthen diabetes education and interventions to curb the rates of diabetes. DESIGN AND GOALS Stepping Forward will implement a 12-month CDC-approved curriculum, with 16-24 core sessions in addition to weekly supplemental physical activities, followed by options for monthly core maintenance sessions after the first 6 months. Community workshops will be held periodically at various venues within the community including schools, and churches. Kick-Start’s Curriculum Kick-Start’s Curriculum entitled Stepping Forward includes tested, collected and evaluated toolkits and guides, web content, videos, booklets, tip sheets for: †¢ Children at risk for diabetes †¢ Children and adolescent with diabetes and their families †¢ African American and individual of African Ancestry †¢ American Indians and Alaska Natives †¢ Asian Americans †¢ Hispanic and Latinos Stepping Forward will cover subjects that children need toShow MoreRelatedModernism and Symbolic-Interpretivism Theory Organizational Effectiveness742 Words   |  3 PagesAbstract The basic definition of an organization is an assembly of people working together to achieve common objectives through a division of labor. According to Mote (2012), an organization provides a means of using individual strengths within a group to achieve more than can be accomplished by the aggregate efforts of group members working individually. 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The problem seems to arise when nurses are over worked and they need to cut corners to get the job done but patient safety then becomes an issue. The purpose of this assignment is to develop an evidenced based research proposal using the qualitative research method. TheRead MoreThe Theories Of Cognitive Development On The Curriculum And Instructional Strategies Used Within The Targeted Instructional Setting2170 Words   |  9 PagesThis paper will briefly describe the targeted instructional setting that is the foundation for the discussion that follows. Then this paper will present the implications of several theories of cognitive development on the curriculum and instructional strategies used within the targeted instructional setting. These include the cognitive development theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, among others. Based on these theories, two recommended adjustments to the curriculum conte nt for the targeted

Project Risk Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 650 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Risk Essay Did you like this example? Week 2 Case Study Project Risk Management The need for this project is due to the decision by Ajax to upgrade their software system and they are uncertain which would be the best method to proceed. The goal for Ajax is to automate their production planning and control system. While the case study does not clearly state the reason it is safe to assume that the new system would be expected to increase productivity and maintain control of the production system. Ajax has chosen two options that they would like to pursue and each option has its own risks associated with it. The first option is to purchase an off the shelf software system that can be modified to meet the needs of the business and the second option is to have the software custom built to the standards that Ajax requires. The off the shelf software system represents a relatively low development risk and could be the more financially sound decision. When buying COTS systems the development time is substantially red uced so the time to market is much less than a custom built package. The company that supports the COTS software would also be able to provide technical support for the product and resolve any issues that are discovered in the testing phase. This brings up an important factor as well when choosing which vendor will be selected for the purchase of the COTS software, as the company should be reputable and have a strong history of positive feedback from other users or companies that it has done business with in the past. Another potential drawback to the COTS software is its adaptability to the company’s current computer systems as this new system may require additional hardware to be purchased in order to operate the system. Since this programming is COTS there will also not be a lot of opportunity to customize the package for the future needs of the company so it may be a short term solution that may need to be repeated after a few years and the business needs change. A positive is that COTS systems are often written to be very user friendly so the time it would take to train the operators would be considerably less than a custom software package. A custom build software package should be considered as a higher risk option but it may be the best option for the future of the company. The development of custom software takes a considerable amount of time to market since the scope of the project is often changing and new options are constantly being requested but it allows Ajax the opportunity to look at the future of where the production system is heading a have tools developed that will allow them to include these items in the development. In order to roll out a custom built package like this the company must also consider the process it will take to install the software and hot it is tested so as not to impact the entire company. When the new software is installed and rolled into production there may also be an adjustment period of the operat ors of the software based on the complexity of the programming and how user friendly the system is. The project should also take into consideration the input of the end users in the development phase in order to assure their buy-in when the final product is delivered. Given the information provided I would select the new development option of a custom built system. This new system would be a tremendous opportunity for the company to grow in the future and have a competitive advantage based on their technologic advantage. If the project suffers a failure the company would still be able to look into the COTS package as a backup plan for the upgraded system and could still meet the budget requirement if both options are pursued. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Project Risk Management" essay for you Create order

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1433 Words

At the beginning of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Huck treats Jim as nothing more than Miss Watson’s Negro that does all the dirty work. Huck regards Jim as simple, trusting, and gullible; in fact, Huck never really notices Jim because of his color. Huck’s society treats Negros as objects of no importance to the world. Huck figures out for himself that Jim is a real human with a heart just like he has. Throughout the novel, Huck goes through several experiences which help him form his own perspective on race. As Huck and Jim take their journey down the Mississippi River, Huck’s views change toward Jim and their bond is strengthened. Huckleberry Finn grew up without any responsibilities whereas Jim works hard as a slave. Huck grew up running wild on his own, making his life the best he could with what he had as a result Huck believes in doing things his own way even though Miss Watson’s main goal is to civilize Huck. Huck appreciat es what Miss Watson is doing for him but he has no interest in following her rules or the way she lives. The only rules that Huck accepts are society’s rules about Negros. He accepts his culture’s views on slaves and blacks because he grew up being taught that slaves and blacks are not as important as the white class. Even Huck’s father Pap, the town drunk, is higher socially only because of his color. The color of Pap’s skin is the only thing that separates him and the Negros. His main activities are getting drunkShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Are There Visions and Ghosts in Van Gogh Paintings

â€Å"There are no ghosts in the paintings of Van Gogh, no visions, no hallucinations. This is the torrid truth of the sun at two o’clock in the afternoon.† This quote that Antonin Artraud, stated from, Van Gogh, the Man Suicided by Society, explains the way in which Van Gogh approached his artwork. He believed in the dry truth and as a result his work was remarkably straightforward in the messages that he portrayed. While visiting Paris, France this past April, I was fortunate enough to have visited Musà ©e d’Orsay, a museum that contains mostly French art from 1848-1914 and houses a large collection of impressionist and post-impressionist masterpieces and 19th century works from the Louvre [The Oxford Companion to Western Art]. I was also†¦show more content†¦In one of Van Gogh’s letters about his life or death decision he wrote, â€Å"Just as we take the train to get to Tarascon or Rouen, we take death to reach a star† [Stokstad]. In the painting, the cypress tree is a clear symbol of his letter, meaning both death and eternal life, and is placed between the two split levels of land and heaven which points up to heaven. It is clearly evident that it represents that contrast between life and death. The brightest star in this painting is actually Venus, which symbolizes love. Along with his contemplation of life or death, this symbol represents his, â€Å"hope of gaining in death the love that had eluded him in life† [Stokstad]. This piece was made with vivid colors, much line work, and overall conveys a form of expression through movement, mood, tone, and emotion. When I look at this piece I feel for Van Gogh in the way the setting is, the dim night sky might reflect his seething for recovery. The movement of the clouds and stars perhaps resemble the way he wants his recovery to steadily progress. Another one of Van Gogh’s most famous paintings called, Wheat Field with Crows, was in, The Ma n Suicided by Society exhibit, and was the very last painting before Van Gogh’s suicide. As a result, it left a very prominent significance and can be read almost as a suicide notice. Executed in July of 1980, it was completed in Van Gogh’s last few weeks ofShow MoreRelatedSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 PagesWright (America’s legendary architect) .............................................................................. 15 Napoleon Hill and Think and Grow Rich (The Original Self-Help Book) ............................................... 17 Vincent van Gogh (A master painter struck by madness) ........................................................................ 19 Athletes and Sports Stars: Bethany Hamilton (Young surfer and shark-attack survivor)..............................................

Islam and the West free essay sample

The Clash of Civilizations? : Islam and the West When taking another glance at Huntington’s â€Å"Clash of Civilizations? †, the provocative nature of his arguments and the fervent scholarly debate that followed are hardly surprising. Although, for myself, I remain troubled by one important question. Is Huntington completely wrong, as many propose, about a rising conflict between the nations of Islam and those of the West in the post cold war era? Huntington contends that the future will boast conflicts between and within civilizations. More so, cultural issues will bring on these conflicts with a particularly divisive role being played by religion. With that said, it is my contention that Huntington is not completely wrong about the evolution of conflict between these two. Though I feel his groupings of civilizations into eight defining entities to be arbitrary and over generalized. My research and focus will be strictly on the aforementioned conflict between Islam and the West, for which I feel are appropriately categorized, though further research should be done on the capacity of violence between sects within religions. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam and the West or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plumper (2009). International Terrorism and the Clash of Civilizations. British Journal of Political Science, 39, pp 711-734 doi:10. 1017/S0007123409000751 From,http://journals. cambridge. org. proxy. lib. pdx. edu/abstract_S0007123409000751 The authors examine the elements of conflict through the means of terrorism and root causes that can be drawn from these. They examine Huntington’s claims of increased international terrorism against foreign and domestic civilizations in the post-Cold War era. Drawing from data they identify key components in the underlying causes/provocations for international terrorism. Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations?. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49. The primary concept is that, after the Cold War, there will be a fundamental shift in the dynamics of conflict on a global level. No longer primarily influenced by nations and economics, the proceeding conflicts will be hedged on the fundamental cultural differences that exist within civilizations.

Gift of a Magi Essay Example For Students

Gift of a Magi Essay In The Gift of a Magi, the theme is the most important literary element and is the driving force in the story. The theme can be that love and sacrifice is treasured above all else. The theme is showed when Della and Jim sell their most prized possession, which is the sacrifice, and buys each other a gift, which is the love. This led to Della and Jim being portrayed as foolish and childish, but they treasured that ironic moment which was filled with love and sacrifice, and set aside their materials gifts. Also, the authors focus of writing the story was to get the theme across to the reader. This is because the author did believe the theme was true. This is captured when O. Henry says, Let it be said that of all who give gifts these two were the wisest. The author meant Della and Jim when he said this. The theme therefore can be described as the foundation of the story, so if there was no theme, the whole story would fall apart. So since theme is established as a foundation it affects most of the literary elements but it is also affected by two others. Finally, theme is the main literary element since it plays a big role in the story since the author actually believes it and therefore wants to get it across to the reader. First, theme affects irony. The irony happens when the reader finds out that Della bought a fob chain for Jims watch and sells her hair to get it but it is immediately found out later in the story that Jim sold his gold watch to get combs for Dellas hair. Irony is affected by theme because if the author did not think love and sacrifice was treasured above all, he would not create the irony. This is because at the same time, the irony helps the author get his point across that love and sacrifice are treasured above all else since this belief is described and shown by the irony. Irony affects the mood since the irony changes the readers feelings. Throughout the story, the reader feel anxious because he or she does not know what Della will do to buy Jim a present and is on the edge of his or her seat when Della cuts her hair. The mood changes after the ironic sacrifice and then the reader feels uplifted because of the characters love and willingness to sacrifice. Next, irony is affected by point of view and conflict. Irony is affected by conflict because since the author knows only Dellas thoughts or third person limited, the irony is not given away by the thoughts of Jim. This is because if the reader knew that Jim has sold his watch to get Della combs for her hair, the reader would expect the ironic sacrifice and there would be no surprise. Irony is affected by conflict because if Della was not in a battle with herself, which is Person versus self, Della would not sell her hair which is one step of the irony and if Della and Jim were not poor, which is person versus society, they would not have to sacrifice so much. This also ties in with setting because if the story did not happen during Christmas time, the characters would not be in such a rush to get gifts for each other. Finally, irony is affected b y tone because the author creates the irony to complete his agenda of getting the theme across. .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 , .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .postImageUrl , .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 , .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13:hover , .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13:visited , .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13:active { border:0!important; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13:active , .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13 .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4dab95a489bc5111b0c9f2ae4c56a13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social status EssayThe mood in the story is also affected by the theme and can be described as one of warmth and happiness. This is because of the Della and Jims willingness to give which describes the main point of the theme. The mood can also be warmth and happiness because the theme that is put across can make the reader feel warmth and happiness. Love over everything else can make the reader feel different feelings all at once like joy since love is treasured but melancholy since sacrifice is also involved. This feeling is held on throughout the story until the very end, where the reader is surprised and either feels Della and Jim are like Magi, wise which is the autho rs perspective, or like children who are foolish. The perspective of the reader depends on the emotions and beliefs of the reader. The tone can also affect the mood. The tone in The Gift of a Magi can be described as sentimentalism meaning warm or tender feelings. This is because the author thinks that Jim and Della are the wisest because the gift of love and sacrifice, which the author thinks is far better than any other material gift. This attitude of the author describes the theme which is love and sacrifice is treasured above all. The tone is affected by theme because the main point on the authors agenda could be to get the theme across to the reader which is the tone since it is the authors feelings or attitude to what he writes. Tone also affects mood because the author shapes the story to make the reader feel warmth. This is because the author wants the reader to also understand and take up the perspective that love and sacrifice is treasured above all. This point is stressed over and over again throughout the story whether it is through the irony or the plot where Della cuts her hair to buy a present or where Jim sells his watch to get combs for Dellas hair. Tone also affects irony because to get his point across, the author creates the irony as stated before. So without the current view of the author and the main focus of the story, being the theme, the author would have no point of creating the irony. This again proves the importance of the theme. Tone also affects character because to get the point across, the author makes the characters poor, but loving and compassionate toward each other. The characters in The Gift of a Magi are Della and Jim. Della is a beautiful, caring woman who has long hair and wants the best for her husband. Jim is a worried man who wants the best for his wife Della and who has a gold watch. Characters affect the theme because if they did not care for each other so much, the author would not be able to convey the theme, and the authors point of writing the story, or the tone, would be gone. Since the characters are compassionate, caring and loving, they can show their love and sacrifice to the reader and at the same time, effectively getting the theme across to the reader. The characters affect the mood because since they are poor and have many good qualities, the reader feels compassion and warms to the character. Next, if they were not poor, they would not have to pay for the gifts by selling their most prized possession which plays an important in the definition of love and sacrifice. There would also be no irony. Character also affects mood because their love for each other would not touch the reader if they had different personalities. Characters, particularly Della, affect conflict because their personalities that show care and love play a key role in the conflict. The conflict can be described as person versus self, or Della versus Della. Della is not sure what to get her husband and wants the best for her husband but has to sell her most prized possession for money. This is the conflict and if Della was not so loving and caring, she would not hesitate in not buying her husband a present. Setting and character create conflict because since the characters are poor and it is around Christmas time, the characters are in a rush to buy presents. This is person versus society because they are poor and cannot afford for presents but it is Christmas, so they are determined to buy presents for each other. .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 , .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .postImageUrl , .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 , .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969:hover , .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969:visited , .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969:active { border:0!important; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969:active , .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969 .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc17d2148b39ccfed2e19b4de71bb9969:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Theme Comparison Of The Catcher In The Rye And Franny And Zooey EssayThey are so determined that they even sacrificed their most prized possession that the author compared to famous people, Solomon and Sheba. Setting also affects character because if they did not live in a flat in a poor neighbor in the early twentieth century, they would not be poor which plays a key role in the personalities of Della and Jim. The author would not be able to shape the story to make the theme what it is and therefore, tone would not be affected by the theme. Without setting, all the other literary elements would collapse like a domino effect. Even though theme is the driving force of the s tory, setting plays a major role in the story. Finally if the setting was not during Christmas time, Della and Jim would not be in such a rush to buy each other presents instead of saving and then later buying presents if it was before or after Christmas. Therefore, theme is the main literary element in The Gift of a Magi and affects or is affected by many of the literary elements.

Using a Sample Essay on an FDCPA Question

Using a Sample Essay on an FDCPA QuestionA sample essay on a FDCPA question can be a valuable source of information. The best advice for using a sample is to view it as a possible path to success rather than an ultimate solution. This makes it easier to recognize problems with the sample and to find possible solutions that work for you.If you are going to use a sample essay, consider using several. You may have a question that seems like a good candidate for a sample. Or, if you already have one idea in mind, maybe you will find it better to see how you could expand on it. Try several sample questions and see which one appeals to you the most.You don't need to make your own decision right away. Rather, make a list of all your options and write down which one you want to focus on next. Then, if you have a question that you really want to know more about, you can refer to your list for a sample to go with it.In some cases, a sample can offer you some clues about the format of the essay you want to write. For example, one sample contained a question about creating a personal website. You might find a question like this useful in determining how to prepare for that format structure.You can also find samples related to the topic of your writing sample. You might see one that has a question about creating a new website for your website. Or, maybe you will find a question about creating a blog to keep your customers informed.If you use a sample to get ideas for writing your essay, you may find it easier to turn these ideas into a new type of essay. By working witha sample, you will have a framework that you can build upon later. So, you may find that a different approach gives you more success when you are done.After you've used a sample to get ideas for a topic for your essay, you can then look for questions that appear to work for you. After you find those questions, you can take a look at how they might best be used for your own topic. By doing this, you can get so me of the best ideas for your own essay.

A Beginners Guide Tenses of Latin Verbs

A Beginner's Guide Tenses of Latin Verbs Latin is an inflected language  where the verbs include a lot of information about the sentence. Sometimes the verb is the only word in the sentence. Even without a noun or pronoun, a Latin verb can tell you who/what the subject is. It can also tell you the time frame, interval, or tense. When you parse a Latin verb, you deconstruct these and other facets of the Latin. When you parse a Latin verb, you list the following: Meaning/translationPersonNumberMoodVoice (active/passive)Tense/aspect Tense, as mentioned, refers to time. In Latin, there are 3 simple and 3 perfect tenses, a total of 6, and they come in both active and passive forms. Moods in Different Tenses The Indicative Mood is the most common and thats what this page is about. You need to make note of the mood when parsing a verb. Most statement sentences use the indicative. In English, we generally contrast indicative with conditional sentences, although English has the Latin moods (Indicative, Subjunctive*, and Imperative**). Present Tense The first of the simple tenses in the Indicative Mood is the present tense. The present tense in the Indicative Mood has both Active and Passive voices. The present tense shows action that is happening now. I walk - ambulo Latin Imperfect Tense The next tense is the imperfect, which conveys incompleted action in the past. Imperfect means incomplete or unfinished. When translating an imperfect verb, the simple past tense sometimes works. Other times, was plus an -ing ending on the verb or used to plus the verb will convey the incompleted past action. I was walking - ambulabam The imperfect tense in Latin is used for both continuous and habitual actions in the past. Latin Future Tense The third tense is the future tense. A verb in the future tense conveys an action that will happen in the future. The customary auxiliary verb denoting the future tense is will. He will walk - ambulabit The 1st person singular future ambulabo is translated I shall walk technically. Most people in the U.S., if not in the rest of the anglophone world, would say I will walk. The same is true of the 1st person plural ambulabimus: technically, its we shall walk, but in custom, its we will walk. In the second and third person, its just will without qualification. Latin Verb Endings Active Singular -o, -m-s-t Active Plural -mus-tis-nt Passive Singular -or, -r-ris-tur Passive Plural -mur-mini-ntur Perfect Active Endings Singular   -i-isti-it Plural -imus-istis-erunt (sometimes -ere) Past Tenses Past or perfected tenses are used for completed actions. There are 3 such tenses: Perfect,PluperfectFuture perfect. Latin (Past) Perfect Tense Generally simply called the perfect tense, this tense refers to an action that has been completed. Either a simple past tense ending (e.g., -ed) or the auxiliary verb have conveys the perfect tense. I walked - ambulavi You may also translate it: I have walked. Latin Pluperfect Tense A verb is in the pluperfect tense if it was completed prior to another. Usually the auxiliary verb had signifies a pluperfect verb. I had walked - ambulaveram Latin Future Perfect Tense Future perfect is used to convey an action that will have been completed prior to something else. Will have are the customary auxiliary verbs. I will have walked - ambulavero *  More advanced:  In the Subjunctive Mood, there are 4 tenses, both active and passive: Present,Imperfect,Perfect, andPluperfect. ** There is ordinarily one Latin tense in the Imperative Mood, with both active and passive forms.

The negative effects that poli essays

The negative effects that poli essays The negative effects that political correctness has brought upon the equal rights movement. In this day and age it has become increasingly difficult to escape the clutch of political correctness. One can find this silent antagonist in the media, the classroom, and even our own backyards. People who at one point were in a position of power now find it quickly slipping away at the mercy of this double-edged sword. Take for example: the middle aged white male, who at one point viewed his age/sex/race as an asset, now finds himself getting attacked on account of these very aspects; or women who have successfully furthered equal rights, yet they still expect to be treated exceptionally. When do we draw the line, and stand up for ourselves even at the risk at stepping on someones toes? Eventually our society will loose all respect for anything less then a full time career, at the high price, and possible destruction of the family unit. The purpose of political correctness essentially helps diminish all types of discrimination and cuts down on the tensions that keep people divided; however, out of this forced tolerance has emerged a backlash. The media, business world, and society at large in its futile attempts to promote equality often fuels the battle between the sexes. Perhaps this occurs due more out of fear of offending someone then anything else. In some cases this may even turn into reverse discrimination; for example, take the bus advertisement that one can see displayed on many if not all Toronto transit vehicles. This safety notice outlines one of the TTCs programs where women, after 9:00 pm can request that the driver stop between bus stops so she can be let out. Now I am not disagreeing that this vital service helps increase the feeling of security for those women who are traveling late at night. However upon seeing this ad, am I supposed to understand that men, cannot be in danger; men never find ...

Chinese Media Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Chinese Media - Research Proposal Example In the endeavor to maintain their hold on the conventional media, the Chinese government has blocked the popular sites of facebook, twitter, and YouTube amongst other sites that are a platform for free expression. The Chinese people are left with the option of building their own sites that conform to the policies of their government. One of these sites is Sina Weibo. This site has been revolutionary since its inception in the year 2009. Much of its success is owed to the closure of Twitter, in China, around that year. In order to show the significance Weibo in the context of Chinese media freedom, this paper will analyze its role in reporting the high-speed train collision in Wuhan. Weibo has been instrumental in propagating social justice, as such; it has become a precipitate of government accountability that has been lacking in China. Sina Weibo has registered approximately two hundred and fifty million users to date. Chinese Weibo has the largest following in comparison to any one of the global sites operating in the world at the moment. Owing to the large Chinese population, Sina Weibo is larger than the sum of all other sites combined. Out of this, ten percent are frequent users on a daily basis. Ten percent of two hundred and fifty million is quite a considerable figure. It has become a platform of discussion of the most contagious issues pertaining to China. Most of these, however, arise from social, political and cultural issues. This is contrary to the social sites in the west. Western sites are primarily social interaction enhancing mediums. This is exemplified by the interactions on Facebook. The power of Sina Weibo is sourced from its function as a major forum for hosting public opinion. Unlike Twitter which is mainly a social networking site, its counterpart Sina Weibo mainly focuses on public opinion o f ongoing affairs. It achieves this by providing for its users a free opportunity to participate in public affairs. An avenue via which the public could voice out its concerns has been all but lacking.  Ã‚  

I will post all of information in word Assignment

I will post all of information in word - Assignment Example In addition, money is not capable of purchasing intelligence, admiration and or respect for any individual who does not have the capacity to hold these characteristics even in presence of more than enough money. Similarly, money does not attempt to buy brains for individuals who have powerful position in return for service because the individual mostly ends up frustrating him or herself to below the level of those who are perceivably weakened by the status of the individual’s money (Rand 101). Conversely, d’Anconia argues that although money does not purchase the necessary human characteristics in life, money is a rootless living power that acts as a means of survival. The kind of treatment that money gives on individuals depends on the source of livelihood that further translates into the anticipated life. In fact, what matters most is the means of achieving the money and the continuous engagement that tool of exchange has on the life of an individual. For instance, in dividuals are said to do odd jobs just to get a particular amount of money (Rand 103). In light of this, money would suddenly bring forth hatred from its users, the men, immediately it does not concur with the wants of the individuals. Many men are for the perception that money exists to be enjoyed even when the individuals have not genuinely acquired it. It is said not to give virtue nor redeem the vices of men (Rand 104). It is worth mentioning that, every man loves money to the extent of knowing its nature. In addition, d’Anconia argues that individuals should be aware of the fact that money is a continuous creation of the power that is within men, and the level of trading to outfit the best efforts amongst other men who are also trading to satisfy their needs and wants. For instance, those who love money are individuals who have the will to work for it as they know that they deserve to have it in regard to their effort. For this reason then, individuals who continuously d amn money are argued to have gotten it in a manner that is not upright. Thus, d’Anconia advises men to desist from fellow men who continually tell them that money is evil (Rand 103). Needless to say, the society needs money to thrive. However, there must be a strict law that govern those that have money from exploiting those that do not have the medium. In the same way, the law must be present in society to make sure that men who just sit in idleness waiting for fellow men to work and acquire money, and then come forth to deprive them are dealt with accordingly. For instance, every time destroyers appear among men, they are said to begin by destroying money before hurting them and reducing them to men with no money (Rand 104). In a general sense, d’Anconia argues that men must be in a position to contemplate that money is the root of good and not evil. Otherwise if they continue to perceive money a sourced of evil, then they risk having continuous destruction in their life. In the event that money is no longer a viable tool where men can clearly use to deal with one another, the same men are bond to become tools of fellow men. According to d’

Journalism: News Access And Source Power

Journalism: News Access And Source Power In the study of mass communication, there has been a continuous debate about the more or less powerful effects of the media on the public. This power is not restricted to the influence of the media on their audiences, but also involves the role of the media within the broader framework of the social, cultural, political or economic power structures of society. Ideally, a media system suitable for a democracy ought to provide its readers with some coherent sense of the broader social forces that affect the conditions of everyday life. However, it is difficult to find anyone who even remotely approaches this ideal (Gamson et al, 1992). The overwhelming conclusion is that the media generally operate in ways that promote apathy, cynicism and quiescence, rather than active citizenship and participation. This essay will explore the evidence that is offered that suggests why the nature of source/media relations matters in environmental issues and non-governmental organisations. It will also look at why communications and media researchers continue to investigate the topic and why source/media relations are important. Media discourse analysis has traditionally focused on the news product. These studies have not only yielded important insights into the structure (Bell 1991, 1998), function (Jaworski, Fitzgerald and Morris, 2003; Khalil, 2006) and effect (Fairclough, 1995; van Dijk, 1998) of media language, but have also described micro level aspects such as the mechanics of turn-taking, repair and pause length in news interviews (Clayman and Heritage, 2002). Recently, however, the scope of media discourse analysis has started to broaden to include the complex discursive practices that lie at the heart of the news production process. Additionally, with the advent of new technologies, crucial ingredients of the news production process are now being opened up to researchers, with corporate websites parading massive press release archives and internet based news agencies and e-mail distribution services spreading breaking news in real time to whoever is interested in it (Geert, 1999). News access and news selection are the yin and yang of news production studies (Geert, 1999). Cottle (2000b) distinguishes the sociological and a culturalist paradigm in theories of news access. While the former investigates news access in terms of strategic and definitional power, examining patterns of news access, routines of news production and processes of source intervention the latter theorises news access in terms of cultural and ritual power, [sensitive], to the symbolic role of news actors and how they perform/enact within the conventions and textual structures of news representation ritual, story, narrative (pp. 28-9). News sociology has a long standing tradition. Early, seminal studies of deviance (Becker, 1963), newsworthiness (Galtung and Ruge, 1973), news management (Schudson, 1978), hegemony (Hall et al, 1978) paved the way for political economy views of corporate control (Herman and Chomsky, 1988) and mediatisation (Thompson, 1995) on the one hand, and social constructionist approaches to news production (Gitlin, 1980) on the other. The classic newsroom ethnographies of the 1970s and 1980s (Tunstall, 1971; Tuchman, 1972, 1978; Gans, 1979; Golding and Elliot, 1979; Fishman, 1980; Erickson, Baranek and Chan, 1987) crystallised a radical moment in the historical development of news study. Taken together these studies forced attention to the structural and institutional forces at play in newsrooms, focusing on how news is an organisational and bureaucratic accomplishment of routine (Cottle, 2000a, p. 21). For example, Tuchman (1972) sees source dependence as a strategic ritual, borne out of a pro fessional ideology allowing journalists to frame their work as objective accounts of news events. According to Geert (1999), while this early generation of social scientists drove home the importance of professional routines, norms and settings of news production, other scholars have pointed to theoretical blind spots. With new technologies being introduced in newsrooms (Pavlik, 2000), come new concepts of journalistic practice (Carlson, 2007), leading to questions of continued theoretical validity and calls for updating newsroom ethnography (Cottle, 2000a; Zelizer, 2004). Schudson (2005) has warned against the dangers of a reductionist or determinist approach to the media in which the news production process is seen as the direct result of underlying economic and political forces. Such an approach does not account for the agency of journalists as social actors, which, given in todays changing news ecology, is especially pressing. Indeed, it could be argued that, from an analytical point of view, media sociology has largely disregarded journalistic agency in favour of organisatio nal and institutional levels of analysis. Recently, however, some scholars have pointed their attention to alternative theories of cultural production, most prominently, Bourdieus field theory (Couldry, 2003; Benson, 2006; Hesmondhalgh, 2006; Neveu, 2007). In contradistinction of grand sociological debates, cultural and anthropological studies of news production such as Peterson (2001) and Stà ¥hlberg (2002) apply notions of social mediation, cultural production and reflexivity in analysing the situated practices of media production and consumption. This burgeoning field which has come to be identified as media anthropology (Askew and Wilk, 2002; Ginsburg, Abulughod and Larkin, 2002; Peterson, 2003; Rothenbuhler and Coman, 2005; Boyer and Hannerz, 2006) theorises the ethnography of media production as an emergent effort, to talk about the agency of media producers within a cultural system while still recognising their embeddedness in larger structures of power, (Peterson, 2003, p. 164). van Dijk (1990) notes that a brief conceptual analysis is needed in order to specify what notions of power are involved in such an approach to the role of the news media. Social power as van Dijk explains is summarily defined as a social relation between groups or institutions, involving the control by a (more) powerful group or institution (and its members) of the actions and the minds of (the members) a less powerful group. Such power generally presupposes privileged access to socially valued resources, such as force, wealth, income, knowledge or status. van Dijk goes on to explain that media power is generally symbolic and persuasive, the sense that the media primarily have the potential to control to some extent the minds of readers or viewers, but not directly their actions. Except in cases of physical, coercive force, the control of action, which is usually the ultimate aim of the exercise of power, is generally indirect, whereas the control of intentions, plans, knowledge, bel iefs or opinions that is mental representations that monitor overt activities is presupposed. Also, van Dijk (1990) notes that given the presence of other sources of information, and because the media usually lack access to the sanctions that other such as legal or bureaucratic-institutions may apply in cases on noncompliance, mind control by the media can never be complete. On the contrary, psychological and sociological evidence suggests that despite the pervasive symbolic power of the media, the audience will generally retain a minimum of autonomy and independence and engage more or less actively, instead of purely passively, in the use of the means of mass communication. In other words, whatever the symbolic power of the news media, at least some media users will generally be able to resist such persuasion. Another notion in the analysis of media power is that of access. According to van Dijk (1990), it has been shown that power is generally based on special access to valued social resources. Thus, controlling the means of mass communication is one of the crucial conditions of social power in contemporary information societies. Indeed, besides economic or other social conditions of power, social groups may be attributed social power by their active or passive access to various forms of public, other influential or consequential discourse, such as those of the mass media, scholarship or political and corporate decision making (p. 12). Although ordinary people may make use of the news media, they generally have no direct influence on news content, nor are they usually the major news actors of news reports (van Dijk, 1990). Elite groups or institutions, on the other hand, may be defined by their broader range and scope of patterns of access to public or other important discourses and communicative events. Leading politicians, managers, scholars or other professionals have more or less controlled access to many different forms of text and talk, such as meetings, reports, press conferences or press releases. This is especially true for their access to media discourse. Journalist will seek to interview them, ask their opinion, and thus introduce them as major news actors or speakers in news reports. If such elites are able to control these patterns of media access, they are by definition more powerful than the media. On the other hand, those media that are able to control access to elite discourse, in such a way that elites become dependent on them in order to exercise their own power, may in turn play their own role in the power structure. In other words, major news media may themselves be institutions of power and dominance, with respect not only to the public at large, but also to other elite institutions. (van Dijk, 1990, p. 12). For some areas like risk and the environment as well as issues like trade unions which are non-governmental organisations, media discourse is to a significant extent, a discourse dependent upon the voices of official experts. Environmental organisations, non-governmental organisations, industry, scientists, and government offer their own particular competing accounts of the reality of the situation. Issues concerning differential access to the news media are crucial when considering who comes to define the event. Accordingly, the following examines news/source media relations as it relates to 1) environmental issues and 2) non-governmental and the various news sources involved in influencing the symbolic representation of public issues. News/Source Media Relations and Environmental Issues Over recent decades a growing environmental promotion industry has emerged, alongside an increasing emphasis upon environmental advocacy. A number of information crises (eg. The Exxon Valdez disaster in 1989) have forced sections of industry to take a more proactive approach to environmental communications as potent imagery has directed contradicted assurances that environment protection is not compromised by their activities (Anderson, 1991). At the same time, the public exhibit a growing sense of distrust of scientists (Beck, 1992). The sense of distrust has partly emerged from news media formats that favour confrontational dialogue among experts and offer the public little means of evaluating opposing viewpoints. There has been a tendency to display the debates in dramatic, sensational headlines rather than a considered approach that furthers public understanding of the issues (Anderson, 1991). The sheer complexity of many environmental issues acts as a major constraint, particula rly considering that relatively few journalists reporting on these matters possess a scientific background (Anderson, 1997; Nelkin, 1995; Peters, 1995). The news media possess a great responsibility in relaying scientific issues to the public, since they contribute a major source of information about science within our society (Adam, 1991). Through their mediation, interpretation and translation of otherwise in accessible knowledge into a publicly accessible form, news workers are not only prime sources of public information but also the principal social; theorists of contemporary industrial societies. As such, they carry a heavy burden, a responsibility they are poorly equipped to provide and that does not sit comfortably with their own self-perception. That is their understanding of themselves as harbingers of news, disseminators of matter of human interest and providers of a critical perspective on the more shady aspects of socio-political and socio-economic life (p. 125). Routine news media reporting of environmental issues is often mediated through the expert as the voice of authority. However, it is important to note the ways in which the news media present certain expert voices as being self-evidently authoritative whilst competing views are frequently portrayed as non-credible, irrational and partisan. This can have the effect of discouraging critical thinking and the brushing aside of lay views. However, as Beck (1992) observes there are some grounds for optimism since the media also potentially play a part of opening up the critique of science and exposing conflicts of opinion and ideological standpoints. At the same time research suggests that while official news sources may not automatically enjoy the most statistically prominent level of news coverage, they are far more likely to appear in news formats where they enjoy a larger degree of editorial control. Also they tend to provide analytical knowledge as opposed to subjective/experiential kn owledge (Cottle, 1999). It has been frequently observed that the news media representation of environmental issues is pre-occupied with bad news. Much environmental coverage is centred on events rather than issues (Hansen, 1990, 1999; Molotch and Lester, 1975; Singer and Endreny, 1987). This partly reflects the fact that much news coverage is based on a 24 hour cycle and especially applies to television news (Anderson, 1997). This orientation towards events may encourage audience members to place blame upon particular companies or individuals within a company, rather than see this in terms of broader structural problems. One such example is the Exxon Valdez disaster with event-centred coverage. Coverage of the oil spill tended to be framed around the allegation that it was caused by the drunken state of the Captain, Joseph Hazelwood. This played down other possible angles concerning cutbacks in maritime safety standards or the oil industrys poor capacity to clean up large oil spills in areas such as the Pri nce William Sound (Dyer et al, 1991; Hannigan, 1995). News media representations of the environment are also influenced by socio-political and cultural factors. Particular issues or events that capture attention tend to be mediagenic and can be easily situated within the established institutional framework. Often these resonate with deeply held cultural beliefs and values that operate at a powerful symbolic level. Another key aspect of news discourse, which particularly applies to television, is the reliance upon strong visual images to capture the audiences interest. In many cases the availability and quality of pictures becomes a central factor affecting broadcasters judgements about the news worthiness of a given environmental issue and is especially salient for short news bulletins. Political agendas and the perceived importance that politicians place upon particular issues also influence news values. Routine reporting on environmental issues is to a significant extent based around the voices of official experts, particularly indivi duals within government departments who are more likely to gain extended news actor entry through, for example, appearing in live interviews (Cottle, 1999). Since the late 1970s environmental pressure groups in countries such as Britain and the United States (US) have become increasingly in their approaches to the news media. Particularly, they have become more adept at packaging their material in media friendly ways. Some groups have enjoyed some notable successes in manipulating news values to their own ends, but this has imposed significant constraints in terms of how they have been able to frame issues (Gramson and Modigliani, 1989). Issue sponsors, such as environmental pressure groups, play a key role in communicating environmental affairs. These competing sources have differing levels of information subsidies in terms of resources such as cost and time, which affects how far the media rely upon them on as routine basis. Ericson et al (1989) note: News is a product of transactions between journalists and their sources. The primary source of reality for news is not what is displayed or what happens in the real world. The reality of news is embedded in the nature and type of social and cultural relations that develop between journalists and their sources (p. 189). Many studies of environmental reporting have found a tendency for official sources to gain the most privileged access to the media (Anderson, 1997). Molotch and Lesters (1975) seminal study of the press coverage of the Santa Barbara Oil Spill found that federal officials and industry spokespersons gained more access to the media, compared with local officials or conservationists. However, they note that initially an accident may bypass the usual routine bias towards official frames due to its unexpected nature. This suggests that non-routine environmental reporting may, in some instances, open up new channels to groups who may often be marginalised within the media. This was found to be the case in the United Kingdom (UK) national press coverage of the seal plague a virus, which killed a large number of common seals of the Norfolk coast in the UK during the summer of 1988 (Anderson, 1991, 1997). The way in which the seal plague came to serve as an icon for an environment in crisis s hares some striking similarities to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The seal plague, with its emotive, visual appeal came to mark an issue threshold for environmental issues in the late 1980s. This was strongly linked to the cultural and political climate at the time. It generated much media coverage and one national mid market newspaper The Daily Mail launched a sustained campaign Save our Seals, which ran over several months. As such it can be seen that the reporting of environmental issues within the news media cannot be divorced from socio-political values regarding the environment. News/Source Media Relations and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) Just like environmental issues seek the piece of the pie when it comes to the media, NGOs also seek to have their stories told in the media. However, in discussing news/source media relations, it must be noted that over generalising when discussing NGOs must be avoided. As Deacon (2001) notes the relative importance of profile, resource and motives in the communications strategies of different NGOs is to some extent dictated by the specific context of their operations. Additionally, there are also structural variations, reflecting the different political and economic roles of various NGO sectors. Deacon address source/media relations as it relates to three types of NGOs namely, trade unions, the voluntary sector and quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisations (quangos). He points out the first broad acceptance that these disparate groups, organisations and movements have proliferated in many political systems over recent decades, and in doing so have assumed greater social and po litical significance (Deacon, 2001, p. 8). However, where there is disagreement is whether these represent positive developments. Some commentators construe them as revitalising pluralist democracy, or challenging centuries of elite control. Others see this change as more of a mixed blessing. In Berrys assessment interest groups are no less a threat than they are an expression of freedom (1984, p. 2). The second point of consensus relates to the reasons for the proliferation of these organisations. Various commentators point to, on the one hand, the widening of educational opportunities and concomitant rise of sophisticated citizenry (Mazzolena and Schultz, 1999), and on the other, emergent environmental, material, social and ideological conflicts both within, and between, advanced capitalist nation states (Blumler and Gurevitch, 1996, p. 126-7) These have produced a shift away from party-based politics, towards other forms of political engagements and the rise of issue politics. Th irdly, theorists from all perspectives acknowledge variation in these processes across different political systems, due to historical, cultural, structural and political factors (Eyerman and Jamison, 1991, p. 36). Additionally most accept that the influence of specific types of interest groups/pressure groups/social movements/ or NGOs tend to fluctuate over time (Deacon, 2001). The final point of agreement is that public communications are now integral to the operations of these political sources, and that the media have particular significance. Blumler (1989) labels this as the emergence of a media-centric model of pressure group activity. Deacon (1991) explains as the social and political roles of many NGOs expand so do the pressure and expectations upon them which in turn create a range of specific communications imperatives to do with establishing a political presence and attracting resources among others. For some NGOs, increased investment in strategic communication represents a defensive response to harsh political realities, in which they can no longer assume their views will have political resonance. Additionally, as a consequence of broader political, social and fiscal uncertainties, a diverse range of private and public institutions are becoming ever more concerned with image maintenance and achieving a prominent and positive public presence. In this new and competitive promotional environment (Wernik, 1991), media engagement has become a significant prerequisite for effective political engagement, particularly for those without direct access to the levers of political and economic power (McNair, 1998, p. 156 ). In what Blumler and Gurevitch label a communication dependent society certain organisations and institutions enjoy distinct competitive advantages in promoting their views and values. In particular, those with the greatest material resources at their disposal most notably state and big business can launch and sustain the most expensive and extensive paid media access. However, free media access can disrupt this market logic, providing opportunities for the resource-poor agencies to achieve levels of national and international exposure that even the best resource could not fund directly. Additionally there are also other considerations such as profile, resource and issue to be taken into account. However, as Deacon (2001) points out these various communications considerations will not apply uniformly across NGOs. For example, the precise blend of resource, profile and issue motives will vary depending on a range of factors, some of which will be highly context specific. The relative importance of profile, resource and issue motives in the communications strategies of different NGOs is to some extent dictated by the specific context of their operations. However, there are also structural variations, reflecting the different political and economic roles of various NGO sectors. For example, Deacon highlights that most quangos receive direct statutory funding, they will tend to place less emphasis on financial resourcing motives than voluntary organisations, where dependency on public and corporate giving is high, and their financial state is generally more parlous. On another level, trade unions will tend to be more comfortable with open issue campaigning than voluntary organisa tions and quangos, partly because of their primary political function, but also because they are not bound by conventions and regulations governing neutral public management and non-party-political charitable activity. Davis (1995) suggests that the salience of communications media strategies can also depend upon the nature and political context of the matter at hand. They are most crucial in policy struggles that are highly ideological and involve (at least for one participant) non-material, non-distributive goods: Policy battles that range over intangible goals and values, such as the abortion issue, tend to evolve into virulently zero sum affairs. Such zero-sum politics, because of the heated struggle for competitive advantage that often marks it, relies heavily on pre-decisional, communication oriented efforts to frame or construct issues (p. 28). Another significant factor can be the relationship between an organisation and the dominant institutions of state. In an influential categorisation, Grant suggests that pressure groups can be placed along a continuum that reflects their relationship to government. However as Deacon (1991), warns if media prominence can deliver advantages to NGOs, there are associated risks. The most obvious of which is receiving negative and hostile treatment, which can compromise an organisations reputation. In this respect some NGOs are more valuable than others. A trade union for instance, that can depend on the complete solidarity of its members has less immediate grounds for fearing the spate of media opprobrium than a charity that is entirely dependent upon public donations. On a less obvious level, there is the possibility that courting media attention, and playing the media game, can have an effect upon organisations core values. Miller (1997) suggests that this can be particularly threatening for radical organisations, there The suspicion within the organisation that newly visible spokespersons might become infatuated with their own celebrity and have sold out is never far from the surface. But this observation about the potentially corrupting influence of media logic also applies to organisations operating in the political mainstream. Blumler (1989) terms the risk of spurious amplification, a process by which inflammatory rhetoric and extravagant demands to make stories more arresting, distort what groups stand for, (p. 352). Until recently, evaluations of media coverage of trade union sector in the UK tended to fall into two camps the critical research position which enjoyed considerable theoretical dominance during the 1970s and the revisionist critique which emerged during the 1980s (Manning, 1998). More recently a third position has started to form which conforms to what Curran (1997) labels a radical pluralist perspective. The latter negotiates a position between the extremes of critical outrage and revisionist sanguinity (Manning, 1998; Davies, 1999; Negrine 1996). Although these studies also analyse the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of news coverage of industrial disputes, their main contribution has been to go beyond the texts to investigate the dynamics of news production directly by examining the links between journalistic practices and trade unions communications strategies. Such insights have been largely absent from most critical and revisionist accounts (Cottle, 1993). The value of this new perspective is illustrated by Davies (1999) case study of media reporting of the British governments proposal in 1992 for privatising the postal service. These plans were strongly opposed by the Union of Communication Workers (UCW), who instituted a carefully orchestrated public relations (PR) campaign against the privatisation programme. Davies content analysis revealed that although UCW sources came to be treated more positively or neutrally that either government or management sources as the dispute unfolded, the union received considerably less coverage than their political opponents. These results suggest that the recruitment of mainstream, media support to the anti-privatisation cause was due to elite divisions within the party of government and the vehemence of public antipathy. The union benefitted from wider political developments, it did not instigate them. However, by linking analysis of media reporting to an analysis of the unions communication strat egy, Davies shows the error of this interpretation. The unions PR strategy played a key role in galvanising public, party political, professional and expert opinion against the privatisation proposals, which in turn had significant effect on media framing. In particular, by commissioning polls and lobbying influential opinion leaders, the union bypassed the need for institutional legitimacy and direct access. Instead they gained a voice by using the legitimacy and access possessed by other sources: the public, economic experts, politicians and assorted neutral user groups, (p. 182). Mannings research also provides an overview of contemporary trends in media relations and identifies two ideals of union structure. On the one hand, there are unions where press and publicity functions are marginalised and rigidly trapped within a civil society service style hierarchy , and on the other, organisations that permit a higher degree of integration for their media and PR operations with their organisational leadership. These differences can in part be explained by the dilemma of incorporation unions have had to confront in their response to the harsh political realities they face. In this period of his research, Manning found a stubborn residue of suspicion within certain unions towards the media that readily characterised journalists as inevitable class enemies, working at the behest of state and capitalist interests. Thus, the embrace of promotionalism in this context is not an act of assertion, but of defence: attempting to avoid marginalisation in a changing political and economic context (Deacon, 2001). It is also clear from Mannings work that journalists perceptions of the political role and characteristics of trade unions frames their utilisation as news sources, and helps account for the predominant emphasis on their collective rather than constructive roles. A distinction developed by Peter Golding and Deacon (1994), identifies trade unions as advocates by jour nalists. As news discourse is inherently conflictive this can enhance their news value in political disputes. However, this clear perception of unions political role prevents their deployment as arbiters in news coverage. Therefore, to influence the terms of media debate at this level, Davies demonstrates in his case study, that trade unions often have to recruit the support of external experts to validate their arguments. Additionally, for such a strategy to work, it is often necessary to maintain a degree of public dissociation between the union and the expert, for fear that any links may erode the perceived authoritativeness of the latters proclamations. This trend contrasts with common strategies deployed within the voluntary sector, where publicists strive to encourage a situation of association between the work of a voluntary organisation and the views of significant public figures. The main studies thus far into reporting of the voluntary sector suggests that there is limited but indulgent treatment, based on an antiquated impression of the sector. As Brindle (1999) notes It is as if the media do not want the sector to grow up. Coverage remains very much stuck in the 1950s charity time warp of good cause fundraising, lifeboats, guide dogs and helping sick children. Even on the broadsheet national newspapers, there is a clear antipathy to stories that treat the leading charities as the big businesses they have become, (p. 44). Looking at trends in media reporting towards communications and media strategies in the sector, Deacon notes an increasing emphasis on public communication similar to that noted in the union sector is eviden t. However, the embrace of promotionalism appears more uneven. As Davies suggests, it is tempting to simply conclude that in free media just as in paid media, financial resources deliver insurmountable competitive advantages to those who hath. The fact that the media